What is a Pilates Reformer? Complete guide to how a Reformer works
If you've walked into a Pilates studio and wondered what the large machine with a sliding platform, springs, ropes and straps actually does, you're looking at a Pilates reformer.
The reformer is one of the most recognisable pieces of Pilates equipment. It uses a moving carriage, adjustable spring resistance and a range of supports and attachments to allow exercises to be performed lying down, sitting, kneeling or standing.
But how does a Pilates reformer actually work? What do all the different parts do? And why do reformers have different springs, footbars, ropes and accessories?
This guide explains the anatomy of a Pilates reformer, how resistance is created, the purpose of its main components and the differences between common types of reformers.
What Is a Pilates Reformer?
A Pilates reformer is a piece of exercise equipment built around a sliding carriage that moves along a frame.
The carriage is connected to springs at one end of the machine. These springs provide adjustable resistance as the carriage moves.
Depending on the exercise, you might push against a footbar with your feet, pull on straps with your hands, place your feet in loops, kneel on the carriage or stand with one foot on the carriage and another on the stationary platform.
This creates an unusually versatile training system.
Rather than having one fixed movement pattern, the reformer can be configured for a large range of exercises targeting strength, control, mobility, balance and coordination.
How Does a Pilates Reformer Work?
At its simplest, a reformer works through the interaction of three things:
a moving carriage + spring resistance + your body.
The carriage rolls backwards and forwards along tracks within the reformer frame.
Springs connect the carriage to the stationary end of the machine. As the carriage moves away, the springs extend and create resistance.
Change the springs and you change how the reformer behaves.
However, this is where reformer Pilates becomes more interesting.
More spring resistance isn't always harder
It would be easy to assume that adding more springs simply makes every Pilates exercise more difficult.
That's not necessarily the case.
During an exercise where you're pushing the carriage away against the springs, greater spring resistance may require more force.
But in an exercise where the springs are helping support or return the carriage, reducing the resistance can require more control and stability.
The effect of changing the springs therefore depends on the exercise, your position and the direction of movement.
That's one of the reasons correct reformer setup matters.
Parts of a Pilates Reformer Explained
Although designs differ between manufacturers and models, most traditional reformers share the same fundamental components.
1. The Frame
The frame forms the structure of the reformer.
Reformer frames are commonly made from timber or metal such as aluminium.
Timber reformers are particularly associated with the traditional studio aesthetic, while aluminium frames can provide a strong structure at a lower overall weight.
Neither material automatically makes a reformer better.
Construction quality, stability, dimensions, component quality and intended use matter more than frame material alone.
For home users, frame design can also affect how easily the reformer can be moved or stored.
2. The Carriage
The carriage is the padded platform that slides backwards and forwards along the reformer.
You'll perform many exercises lying, sitting, kneeling or standing on it.
Underneath the carriage is a wheel or roller system that allows it to travel along the tracks of the frame.
The design and quality of this system contribute significantly to how a reformer feels in use.
When comparing reformers, it's worth considering:
- carriage width and length
- padding
- carriage height
- travel distance
- wheel or roller system
- smoothness and noise during movement
A taller carriage can also make getting onto and off the machine easier for some users, while lower-profile reformers can be useful where compactness and storage are priorities.
3. The Springs
The springs are central to how a reformer works.
They connect the carriage to the reformer and provide resistance as the carriage moves.
Most reformers include several springs with different resistance levels. Manufacturers often identify these using colours, although spring colours and resistance are not universal between brands.
That last point is important.
A particular colour on one manufacturer's reformer does not necessarily provide the same resistance as the same colour on another.
What happens when you change the springs?
Changing the number or resistance of the springs alters the amount of force involved in moving and controlling the carriage.
An instructor might therefore change the spring configuration depending on:
- the exercise
- the user's position
- the intended movement
- the level of support required
- the user's ability and experience
Springs are also wear components and should be inspected and maintained according to the equipment manufacturer's instructions.
4. The Spring Bar
The spring bar provides the attachment points for the reformer's springs.
On some reformers it has multiple positions, allowing the starting spring tension or carriage position to be adjusted.
The exact design varies considerably between reformers.
When you're comparing machines, don't look only at how many springs are included. The spring bar design and available adjustment also contribute to the reformer's overall configuration.
5. The Footbar
The footbar is the padded bar positioned at the end of the carriage.
It's used extensively throughout reformer Pilates.
Depending on the exercise, you might press against it with your:
- feet
- hands
- heels
- toes
Many reformers have an adjustable footbar with several positions.
This allows the setup to be altered for different exercises and users.
The number of positions and adjustment mechanism vary between models, so this is a useful specification to compare when you're buying a reformer.
6. The Standing Platform
Between the carriage and the end of the reformer you'll generally find a fixed standing platform.
Unlike the carriage, this section doesn't move.
It's particularly important during exercises where one foot is placed on the stationary platform while the other is on the moving carriage.
Some reformers have a padded platform, while others use a grippy or textured surface.
Certain models may also include interchangeable platform options.
7. The Shoulder Rests
The padded blocks on the carriage are called shoulder rests or shoulder blocks.
They help position the body and provide support during many exercises.
They're particularly noticeable when you're lying on the carriage with your feet against the footbar, as your shoulders sit against them while the carriage moves.
Some reformers have removable shoulder rests, which can provide additional flexibility for certain setups and accessories.
8. The Headrest
The headrest is the smaller padded support at the end of the carriage.
Many reformers allow it to be positioned at different heights.
The appropriate headrest position depends on the exercise and individual user, and it should be set according to appropriate instruction rather than simply left in the same position for every movement.
9. The Ropes
At the opposite end of the reformer from the footbar, you'll generally find a rope and pulley system.
The ropes connect the straps or loops to the carriage.
When you pull on the straps, your movement interacts with the carriage and spring system.
Different reformers use different systems for adjusting rope length.
This is one area where studio reformers can differ considerably from simpler home machines.
10. Risers and Pulleys
The risers hold the pulleys through which the reformer's ropes travel.
On many reformers, the riser height can be adjusted.
This changes the position from which the ropes travel toward the carriage.
Riser design, pulley quality and adjustability are worth considering when comparing reformers, particularly if you're accustomed to using studio equipment.
11. Hand and Foot Straps
The ropes usually terminate in straps or loops that can be used with the hands or feet.
Some reformers include separate handles and foot loops, while others use double-loop straps incorporating different loop sizes.
The straps allow the spring-loaded carriage to be controlled using the upper or lower body and are used in a large range of exercises.
What Accessories Can Be Used With a Pilates Reformer?
One of the advantages of a reformer is that its functionality can be expanded with accessories.
Exactly what's compatible depends on the reformer.
Sitting Box
A sitting box is a padded rectangular box placed on top of the carriage.
Despite its name, it isn't used only for sitting.
It can change your position relative to the reformer and is used for a range of seated, lying and other exercises.
Many premium home and studio reformers include a sitting box, while on other machines it may need to be purchased separately.
Jumpboard
A jumpboard is a larger platform fitted at the footbar end of compatible reformers.
It provides a surface against which the feet can press during jumping-style movements while the user remains supported by the carriage.
If you'd like to use a jumpboard, check whether one is included with the reformer or available as a compatible accessory.
Pilates Ring and Ball
Small accessories such as a Pilates ring and ball may also be included with some reformers.
These aren't structural parts of the machine, but they can be incorporated into reformer or mat-based exercises.
What Is a Tower Reformer?
A tower reformer combines a traditional reformer with a vertical tower structure.
The tower provides additional attachment points for springs, bars and straps, allowing exercises that aren't possible on a standard reformer alone.
You'll commonly encounter terms such as:
- tower reformer
- half trapeze reformer
- full trapeze reformer
- reformer Cadillac
These machines share some functionality, but they aren't necessarily interchangeable terms.
If you're considering this type of equipment, it's worth comparing the exact configuration and included attachments rather than relying on the product name alone.
Explore Cadillac & Trapeze Equipment →
What Is a Cadillac?
A Pilates Cadillac, traditionally also known as a trapeze table, consists of a padded table surrounded by a raised metal frame.
Unlike a reformer, a traditional dedicated Cadillac doesn't have a sliding reformer carriage.
Instead, the frame provides attachment points for springs, bars, straps and other apparatus.
A full trapeze reformer combines elements of both systems: a sliding reformer carriage plus a full trapeze structure.
This is why it's important to distinguish between a dedicated Cadillac table and a reformer-Cadillac combination when shopping for equipment.
Pictured: A Cadillac Table (without reformer function)
What Is a Wunda Chair?
A Wunda Chair is a compact piece of Pilates apparatus built around a spring-loaded pedal.
Depending on the chair, the pedal may be a single unit or split into two sections that can move independently.
Some chairs also include removable or adjustable handles.
Although considerably smaller than a reformer, the Wunda Chair is not simply a compact substitute for one. It provides a different exercise environment and is commonly used alongside reformers and other Pilates apparatus.
What Is a Ladder Barrel?
A Ladder Barrel combines a curved padded barrel with a ladder-style frame.
Unlike a reformer or Wunda Chair, it doesn't rely on spring resistance.
Instead, its shape and ladder provide support and positioning for a range of mobility, flexibility and strength exercises.
It's commonly found in comprehensively equipped Pilates studios and professional training environments.
What Is a Spine Corrector?
A Spine Corrector is a smaller curved piece of Pilates apparatus used to support the body in various positions.
It doesn't have springs or a moving carriage.
Its curved shape allows it to be incorporated into exercises involving positioning, mobility and controlled movement.
Because it's considerably smaller than a reformer or Cadillac, it can also be a practical addition where space is limited.
What Is a Pilates Springboard?
A Pilates springboard is a wall-mounted apparatus with multiple attachment points for springs and other accessories.
It provides access to spring-resistance exercises without requiring the floor space of a full Cadillac or tower reformer.
This can make it particularly useful in studios where wall space is available but floor space is valuable.
Explore Wall Mounted Springboards →
Different Types of Pilates Reformers
Once you understand the basic anatomy, you'll notice that reformers themselves come in several configurations.
Full-Size Fixed Reformers
These are designed to remain permanently assembled.
They're particularly suited to:
- dedicated home Pilates rooms
- Pilates studios
- professional training environments
- situations where storage isn't required
If you have permanent space available, a fixed reformer allows you to prioritise the machine's construction and training experience without needing a folding mechanism.
Foldable Reformers
Foldable reformers are designed to reduce their footprint when they aren't being used.
Depending on the model, they may fold vertically or into another compact configuration.
They're particularly useful for:
- apartments
- spare bedrooms
- home offices
- multipurpose rooms
- anyone who can't dedicate permanent floor space to Pilates equipment
A foldable reformer can still be full-length when open, so always compare both its working dimensions and folded dimensions.
Read: Foldable vs Full-Size Pilates Reformer →
Home Reformers
The term home reformer covers a broad range of equipment.
Some are lightweight and designed around easy storage. Others are premium fixed timber machines that are very similar in concept to equipment you'd expect to see in a Pilates studio.
So don't assume that “home reformer” means one particular construction or quality level.
The important question is whether the machine suits your space, intended use and training requirements.
Studio Reformers
Studio reformers are generally designed with professional Pilates environments in mind.
When choosing equipment for a studio, considerations can include:
- adjustability
- construction
- carriage dimensions and height
- accessories
- ease of changing settings between clients
- available space
- intended programming
- maintenance requirements
- manufacturer guidance regarding intended use
Studios and clinics should select equipment appropriate for their professional environment and ensure it is maintained and used by appropriately trained people.
Timber vs Aluminium Pilates Reformers
You'll commonly encounter both timber and aluminium reformer frames.
Neither material automatically determines the quality of the machine.
Timber reformers
Timber frames provide the classic Pilates studio appearance and can feel substantial within a dedicated Pilates space.
Different types of timber may be used, including maple and beechwood.
Aluminium reformers
Aluminium can provide excellent structural strength without the weight of a substantial timber frame.
It's particularly useful for reformers where portability or folding is important.
When comparing the two, consider the complete reformer rather than choosing on frame material alone.
Construction, stability, carriage system, adjustability, springs and intended use all matter.
How Much Space Does a Pilates Reformer Need?
This varies by model.
Many full-size reformers are well over two metres long, and you also need enough clearance around the machine to perform exercises safely.
Don't simply measure the reformer's footprint.
Consider room for:
- arms and legs extending beyond the frame
- getting on and off the reformer
- accessories such as a sitting box or jumpboard
- an instructor, where relevant
- safely moving around the machine
For foldable reformers, also measure the storage space and check the dimensions of the machine when folded.
Is a Pilates Reformer Suitable for Home?
Yes. Reformers are increasingly designed specifically with home users in mind.
The right setup depends on how much space you have and how you plan to use the equipment.
Someone with a dedicated home gym might choose a full-size timber reformer.
Someone using a spare bedroom might prefer a machine that folds after each workout.
And someone who wants the option of storage without necessarily folding the machine every day might choose a more substantial foldable model.
Read our Home Pilates Guides →
What Should You Look for When Buying a Pilates Reformer?
Once you understand how the equipment works, comparing reformers becomes much easier.
Instead of focusing solely on price or appearance, look at:
- frame construction
- overall dimensions
- carriage dimensions and travel
- carriage height
- spring configuration
- footbar adjustment
- rope adjustment
- riser adjustment
- headrest positions
- shoulder rests
- standing platform
- included sitting box
- included jumpboard
- storage or folding mechanism
- transport wheels
- intended use
- warranty
- delivery requirements
The importance of each feature depends on how and where you'll use your reformer.
A lightweight folding reformer may be ideal for one home and completely wrong for another.
Likewise, paying for a substantial studio-style machine makes little sense if you have nowhere practical to keep it.
How Do You Use a Pilates Reformer Safely?
A reformer is adjustable exercise equipment with a moving carriage and spring resistance, so correct setup matters.
Before using one:
- learn how the specific reformer operates
- follow the manufacturer's instructions
- check that springs and adjustable components are correctly secured
- understand how to enter and exit exercises safely
- inspect and maintain the equipment as recommended
- replace worn components when required
- seek appropriate Pilates instruction, particularly if you're new to reformer training
If equipment is being used in a professional studio or clinical environment, it should be operated and maintained appropriately for that setting and used by suitably trained professionals.
Pilates Reformer FAQs
Is a Pilates reformer difficult to use?
The machine can look complicated initially, but its basic components become familiar quite quickly. Correct exercise technique and equipment setup require instruction, however, particularly for someone new to reformer Pilates.
Why do Pilates reformers have springs?
The springs provide adjustable resistance and interact with the moving carriage. Different spring combinations alter the amount of resistance or support available during an exercise.
Does more springs mean a harder Pilates workout?
Not always. Depending on the exercise, additional spring resistance may make movement harder, while in other exercises lighter springs require greater control. Spring selection should therefore be appropriate to the specific exercise and user.
How many springs should a Pilates reformer have?
There isn't one universal number. Reformer designs vary, and spring resistance isn't standardised between manufacturers. Consider the complete spring system and manufacturer's intended configuration rather than simply comparing the number of springs.
What's the difference between a Pilates reformer and a Cadillac?
A reformer uses a spring-loaded sliding carriage. A traditional Cadillac uses a stationary padded table surrounded by a frame with spring and bar attachments. Some equipment combines a reformer with a tower or full trapeze structure.
Is a Wunda Chair the same as a reformer?
No. A Wunda Chair uses a spring-loaded pedal rather than a sliding carriage. It provides a different exercise environment and is often used alongside a reformer rather than as a direct replacement.
Should I buy a foldable or fixed reformer?
If you need to reclaim the room between workouts, a quality foldable reformer is usually the more practical option. If you have permanent space available, a full-size fixed reformer allows you to prioritise the traditional reformer setup without needing a folding mechanism.
Read: Foldable vs Full Sized Reformer
Can beginners use a Pilates reformer at home?
Beginners can use reformer equipment at home, but they should learn correct technique and how to set up the specific machine safely. Appropriate professional instruction is recommended when you're learning reformer Pilates.
Ready to Explore Pilates Reformers?
Now that you know how a Pilates reformer works, the next step is finding the type that suits how you'll actually use it.
Choosing for home?
Compare our Home Pilates Reformers or read our Home Reformer Buying Guide.
Choosing between folding and fixed?
Read Foldable vs Full-Size Pilates Reformer: Which Should You Buy?
Fitting out a studio or clinic?
Explore our Studio Reformers or request a multi-unit commercial quote.
The best reformer isn't necessarily the most expensive or the one with the longest feature list. It's the machine whose dimensions, adjustability, construction and functionality best match your space, training needs and intended use.